藥典: Hydroquinone(對苯二酚)
since: 2018/08/12
update: 2018/08/12
reference:
1. The Darkroom Cookbook 4th Edition
2. 對苯二酚 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書
3. 黑白沖片配方和其安全資料
備註: 對苯二酚毒性很大，成人誤服1g，便出現頭痛、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐等中毒症狀。
它有致癌和致誘變性。
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Hydroquinone(對苯二酚)(p.205)
Formulas: 1,4 Dihydroxybenzene; para-Dihydroxybenzene.
公式：1,4二羥基苯;對苯二酚。
Trade Name: Hydrochinon, Hydroquinol, Quinol, Tecquinol, Hydroquinol.
商品名稱：Hydrochinon，對羥基喹啉，喹啉，Tecquinol，對苯二酚。
Appearance: Lustrous, silky, white needles.
外觀：光澤，絲般，白色針狀。
Uses: Developer; builds density in combination with other developers.
用途：顯影劑; 與其他顯影劑一起構建密度。
Substitutions:
Vitamin C can be used as a substitute for hydroquinone.
Start by using 1.6 times the weight of hydroquinone, and increase the alkali(i.e., borax, carbonate, etc.) by 1.6 times to compensate for the acidity of the vitamin C.
取代：
維生素C可用作對苯二酚的替代品。
首先使用1.6倍重量對苯二酚的維生素C，並將鹼（即硼砂，碳酸鹽等）增加1.6倍，以補償維生素C的酸度。
Notes: 筆記：
Hydroquinone is generally a clean-working and nonstaining developer.
對苯二酚通常是一種清潔工作和無污染的開發人員。
It oxidizes easily both in solution and as crystals.
它在溶液和晶體中都易於氧化。
At temperatures below 50F/10C hydroquinone developer are inactive.
在低於50°F / 10℃的溫度下，對苯二酚顯影劑是無活性的。
It is extremely susceptible to the action of bromide.
它極易受到溴化物的作用。
When compounded with alkali carbonates it gives a slow-working but high contrast developer.
當與鹼金屬碳酸鹽混合時，它產生緩慢加工但高對比度的顯影劑。
With caustic alkali(e.g., sodium hydroxide) its action is very rapid, with the highest possible contrast.
使用苛性鹼（例如氫氧化鈉），其作用非常迅速，具有盡可能高的對比度。
For this reason, it is the most wide used developer for technical applications, especially in process work where the highest attainable contrast is essential.
因此，它是技術應用中使用最廣泛的顯影劑，特別是在可達到最高對比度的過程工作中。
In the presence of caustic alkali(i.e., high pH) it is not temperature-sensitive and can be used for low-temperature developing.
在苛性鹼（即高pH）存在下，它對溫度不敏感，可用於低溫顯影。
Hydroquinone developer keep well and are slowly exhausted.
對苯二酚顯影劑保持良好並慢慢耗盡。
Hydroquinone alone is not largely used, but in combination with metol(MQ) or Phenidone(PQ), it is among the most popular developers.
單獨使用對苯二酚，並未大量使用，但與metol（MQ）或Phenidone（PQ）結合使用，它是最受歡迎的開發商之一。
By varying the relative quantities of metol and hydroquinone and adjusting the quantities of sulfite and carbonate, almost any desired contrast or rate of development can be obtained.
通過改變metol和對苯二酚的相對量並調整亞硫酸鹽和碳酸鹽的量，可以獲得幾乎任何所需的對比度或顯影速率。
update: 2018/08/12
reference:
1. The Darkroom Cookbook 4th Edition
2. 對苯二酚 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書
3. 黑白沖片配方和其安全資料
備註: 對苯二酚毒性很大，成人誤服1g，便出現頭痛、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐等中毒症狀。
它有致癌和致誘變性。
Hydroquinone(對苯二酚)(p.205)
Formulas: 1,4 Dihydroxybenzene; para-Dihydroxybenzene.
公式：1,4二羥基苯;對苯二酚。
Trade Name: Hydrochinon, Hydroquinol, Quinol, Tecquinol, Hydroquinol.
商品名稱：Hydrochinon，對羥基喹啉，喹啉，Tecquinol，對苯二酚。
Appearance: Lustrous, silky, white needles.
外觀：光澤，絲般，白色針狀。
Uses: Developer; builds density in combination with other developers.
用途：顯影劑; 與其他顯影劑一起構建密度。
Substitutions:
Vitamin C can be used as a substitute for hydroquinone.
Start by using 1.6 times the weight of hydroquinone, and increase the alkali(i.e., borax, carbonate, etc.) by 1.6 times to compensate for the acidity of the vitamin C.
取代：
維生素C可用作對苯二酚的替代品。
首先使用1.6倍重量對苯二酚的維生素C，並將鹼（即硼砂，碳酸鹽等）增加1.6倍，以補償維生素C的酸度。
Notes: 筆記：
Hydroquinone is generally a clean-working and nonstaining developer.
對苯二酚通常是一種清潔工作和無污染的開發人員。
It oxidizes easily both in solution and as crystals.
它在溶液和晶體中都易於氧化。
At temperatures below 50F/10C hydroquinone developer are inactive.
在低於50°F / 10℃的溫度下，對苯二酚顯影劑是無活性的。
It is extremely susceptible to the action of bromide.
它極易受到溴化物的作用。
When compounded with alkali carbonates it gives a slow-working but high contrast developer.
當與鹼金屬碳酸鹽混合時，它產生緩慢加工但高對比度的顯影劑。
With caustic alkali(e.g., sodium hydroxide) its action is very rapid, with the highest possible contrast.
使用苛性鹼（例如氫氧化鈉），其作用非常迅速，具有盡可能高的對比度。
For this reason, it is the most wide used developer for technical applications, especially in process work where the highest attainable contrast is essential.
因此，它是技術應用中使用最廣泛的顯影劑，特別是在可達到最高對比度的過程工作中。
In the presence of caustic alkali(i.e., high pH) it is not temperature-sensitive and can be used for low-temperature developing.
在苛性鹼（即高pH）存在下，它對溫度不敏感，可用於低溫顯影。
Hydroquinone developer keep well and are slowly exhausted.
對苯二酚顯影劑保持良好並慢慢耗盡。
Hydroquinone alone is not largely used, but in combination with metol(MQ) or Phenidone(PQ), it is among the most popular developers.
單獨使用對苯二酚，並未大量使用，但與metol（MQ）或Phenidone（PQ）結合使用，它是最受歡迎的開發商之一。
By varying the relative quantities of metol and hydroquinone and adjusting the quantities of sulfite and carbonate, almost any desired contrast or rate of development can be obtained.
通過改變metol和對苯二酚的相對量並調整亞硫酸鹽和碳酸鹽的量，可以獲得幾乎任何所需的對比度或顯影速率。
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